Textbooks that decision was to find the "unanimity." Effective decision-makers, but often intentionally do not follow the principle of textbooks, intended to "create" conflict with each other different views.
Negative views of the positive
Why the negative comments are mainly three reasons.
First, the negative views of policy makers to protect the organization from becoming captives.
In an organization, everyone has to rely on decision makers, want the competent decision-making to their advantage. Only able to break through the trap, so that policy makers will not become a party to prisoners approach lies in the argument that, to grasp the negative evidence and considered views of the tempering.
Second, the negative views of themselves, it is for decision-making "another program." Decision-making only one program, no other choice, with gambling He Yi? If the decision-making process has several programs to choose from, the decision-makers into the attack or retreat to safety, there is room for multiple reflection and comparison; the other hand, only Last Stand of the decision makers.
In 1914, Germany, Shuli Fen strategic plan decision-making failure very representative. The original plan to a head, was found dead the. In fact after 25 years of strategy development, the German General Staff did not expect growth to be from another program will have all the power consumption of Shuli Fen project in details. Because the Germans never second strategic plan, so he had the bullet and go step by step to change.
President Roosevelt's story just the opposite. Before he became president, the election campaign is planned on a traditional 19th century based on the international economic theory. But at the same time, Roosevelt There is another group came to be known as the "think tank" of professionals, specializing in "alternative." President Roosevelt was elected in November 1932, 2 years, took office in March. Who knows in this short period of more than four months, both international and domestic economic slump. In the original orthodox economic plan will not work, he immediately goes to the first two sets of proposed plans. If Roosevelt had no other options, I am afraid that he would like the German General Staff, as confused and overwhelmed.
Third, the negative opinions can stimulate the imagination. Just find the answer to a question, not need imagination; but a manager deal with problems, usually "uncertainty" high, the need for "creative" solutions to create a new situation. Managers can not lack of imagination from a different, new perspective to observe and understand.
Imagination needs to be stimulated before full. Different opinions, especially those who think after careful and repeated inference, the argument full of different views, stimulate imagination is the most effective factor.
An old story, Victorian South China Sea Islanders to the West, a small island travel, and coming back to talk about him in the West see the "miracle" --- the home of the West but did not drink. But people in the West really did not water? It was only because Western countries are using a tap, opened the tap water when needed. But the Islanders travel in the West, no one can tell him turn on the tap water.
Every time I hear this story, people will think of the imagination. Imagination is like water, must turn on the "tap" will out. And stimulate debate in the "negative opinions", is the imagination of tap water.
Good decisions, not from the "unanimous" in come. Said Sloan, president of General Motors in an internal high-level meeting, said: "Gentlemen, in my opinion, we already have this decision is fully consistent view of the." Attended the meeting of the members nodded . But he added: "Now, I declared the meeting concluded that the issue be postponed until the next meeting for further discussion. I hope that the next meeting to hear the contrary view, the only way we can get on the decision-making really understand. "Sloan never make decisions by" intuition ", always stressed the need to test with a view of the facts, know the right decisions must be based on different views on the basis of full discussion.
Stimulate objections superb
In American history, every effective president, all the objections have inspired ways to help their understanding of the facts from various angles to make effective decisions. Washington said that most want to see conflict and debate, I hope there is a consensus of the cabinet. But in fact, Washington in dealing with important issues, often to seek Hamilton, respectively (Washington Times Secretary of the Treasury) and Jefferson (President of the United States No. 3) views, in order to obtain different views.
Most know how to use different views of the U.S. President, Franklin Roosevelt, when the devaluation. Each case of major events, he always invite one of his assistant, said: "You study a problem, but please keep confidential (Roosevelt, of course know, he asked Assistant 'confidential'', will inevitably make the problem spread quickly in Washington). "and then invite him to several other assistants, knowing that a number of assistants has been an assistant with the first differences of opinion, but also asked them to study where the same problem, but also asking them to" conservative secrets. " In this way, Roosevelt will be able to collect different opinions, but also from the perspective of a different problem. Of course, Roosevelt to do so, he has his own take anyone's advice would not be trapped.
Roosevelt the hand, has been fierce criticism of the Interior Yiji Si. However, Roosevelt makes his views, he thought, as the U.S. President, the main task is not to maintain political power, but to make decisions --- but to make the right decisions, the best way is to follow the Court of methods, from both sides of the debate, to obtain the truth, so that all the relevant facts can be placed before the judge.
Questioned on the need for decision-making
Finally, effective managers have to ask the question: "Do we really need a decision?" Sometimes it does not make any new decisions, is the best decision possible. Make a decision like moving a surgical operation. Any new policy decisions are inevitably affected the existing system, how many have to take risks. Less than non-surgery the surgeon can not, never give surgery; the same, not intended for decision-making time, that should not make decisions lightly.
When necessary decision-making? If you continue to conservative conventions, the situation will deteriorate, it must make new decisions. Experience is essential, fleeting in the new opportunities, it must immediately make a new decision.
Bell served as president of Fair, many people have seen the company be taken over by the government. Are all trying to save, but the way the sake of argument --- some are against this or that government bills, some members of Congress and the draw against the lawmakers who ... ... only Phil recognizes that such an approach is definitely not to save companies deteriorate, the fundamental approach must be taken to create a new situation, and eventually established a "public control", to avoid the company taken over by the government.
Negative decision is not to make any decisions. We ask ourselves: "maintain the status quo, what will happen?" If the answer is: "will not change." Then why should we complicate the matter?
Managers to understand this out and is probably not much. Financial crises, a treasurer was, crying out for lower costs, however small and to reduce costs, even if results are negligible. For example, he found a department "and more" old with the 23 staff, was clamoring for layoffs. Old people say that 23 staff are due to retire, the dismissal is too perverse, but he would not listen. After this incident, the company does not remember his colleagues who had saved the company; we only remember his elixir, said he and 23 do not get along with him against the old staff.
In fact, 2000 years ago Roman law stated that: "The Chief Executive should not be considered trivial sort of thing." Until today, our policy-makers also need to learn this sentence.
Our problem is how much improvement, but not how to do real change and innovation.瀵硅繖绫婚棶棰橈紝铏戒笉浣滄柊鍐崇瓥鎴戜滑鍚屾牱鑳藉鐢熷瓨锛屼絾鏈変簡鏂板喅绛栵紝鎯呭喌涔熻浼氬彉寰楁洿濂姐?
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